Why don't the fan motor work.

Bad fuse/relay, bad fan motor, bad coolant temp sensor, les likely a fouled up pcm. I am assuming of course that you mean the engine cooling fan? There are some good videos on YouTube on diagnosing this subject. Follow the instructions and eliminate one possible problem at a time.

The electrical fan works only when the the car needs it. It is a quick zap the heat out fan which is not commonly on unless your driving at high rpms or are idling for long periods of time while the car is 3warmed up. The regular cooling fan is the belt driven fan which is on a clutch system. If you have a dual electrical fan setup tho which is on the late modal cars then the one on the driver side should always be running and you most likely need a replacement fan as it is probable burned out.

My 2001 jetta has a bad short so now my fan won't work because Y the fuse box over the battery is damaged

visit a wreckers and get a new one that bad fuse panel is a fire hazard waiting to happen.