CarGurus Logo Homepage Link
  • Buy
    • Used cars
    • New cars
    • Certified pre-owned
    • Start your purchase online
    • Dealerships near me
  • Sell
    • Sell my car
    • Car values
    • Sell my car FAQs
  • Finance
    • Prequalify for financing
    • How does it work?
    • Financing FAQs
  • Research
    • Test drive reviews
    • Price trends
    • Tips & advice
    • Electric cars
    • Compare cars
  • Discover
    The latest way to shop:
    smarter research, better
    listings.
  • Saved cars & searches
  • Sign in / Register
    • My account
    • Saved searches
    • Saved cars
    • Recommended cars
    • Browsing history
    • Financing dashboard
      • United States (EN)
      • Estados Unidos (ES)
      • Canada (EN)
      • Canada (FR)
      • United Kingdom

Used RAM 1500 for Sale near Germantown, IL

337 results
Germantown, IL
2016 RAM 1500 Express Crew Cab 4WD David Taylor Belleville Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram

2016 RAM 1500

Express Crew Cab 4WD

130,648 miles

$17,750

Fair Deal
Belleville, IL
25 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Gray (Maximum Steel Metallic Clearcoat)
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black Cloth
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
130,648
Stock number:
A33136A
VIN:
1C6RR7KT3GS217884

Sponsored

2020 RAM 1500 Rebel Crew Cab 4WD

2020 RAM 1500

Rebel Crew Cab 4WD

53,579 miles

$36,966

Fair Deal
Shiloh, IL
19 mi away
Year:
2020
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Gray (Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat)
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
53,579
Stock number:
13097CEM
VIN:
1C6SRFLT8LN257834

Sponsored

2021 RAM 1500 Classic SLT Crew Cab 4WD

2021 RAM 1500

Classic SLT Crew Cab 4WD

80,122 miles

$24,721

Fair Deal
Bridgeton, MO
48 mi away
Year:
2021
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
305 hp 3.6L V6
Exterior color:
Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat
Combined gas mileage:
19 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Diesel Gray/Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
80,122
Stock number:
PT3106
VIN:
1C6RR7LG6MS542591

Sponsored

2025 RAM 1500

2025 RAM 1500

21,685 miles

$39,297

Good Deal
Store transfer to O Fallon, IL
468 mi away • Price includes $299 shipping Price includes $299 shipping
Year:
2025
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Engine:
305 hp 3.6L V6
Exterior color:
Black
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
Automatic
Mileage:
21,685
Stock number:
28193956
VIN:
1C6RREBG7SN552466

2015 RAM 1500 Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

2015 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

161,577 miles

$12,900

Great Deal
East Saint Louis, IL
29 mi away
Year:
2015
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Exterior color:
Bright White Clear Coat
Interior color:
Black/Diesel Gray
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
161,577
Stock number:
9481CAH
VIN:
1C6RR7TT1FS661701

2011 RAM 1500 Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

2011 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

177,028 miles

$9,950

Fair Deal
St Louis, MO
44 mi away
Year:
2011
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
390 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Deep Cherry Red Crystal Pearl
Combined gas mileage:
16 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Dark Slate Medium Graystone
Transmission:
Automatic
Mileage:
177,028
Stock number:
4T1035A
VIN:
1D7RV1CT7BS558543

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2022 RAM 1500

Sport Crew Cab 4WD

53,957 miles

$34,414

Good Deal
Saint Louis, MO
42 mi away
Year:
2022
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Blue
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
Automatic
Mileage:
53,957
Stock number:
T260423A
VIN:
1C6SRFVT9NN153658

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 RAM 1500

Express Crew Cab 4WD

130,648 miles

$17,750

Fair Deal
Belleville, IL
25 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Gray (Maximum Steel Metallic Clearcoat)
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black Cloth
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
130,648
Stock number:
A33136A
VIN:
1C6RR7KT3GS217884

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2022 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

42,223 miles

$32,490

Great Deal
Wood River, IL
34 mi away
Year:
2022
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Exterior color:
Bright White Clearcoat
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
42,223
Stock number:
P7880
VIN:
1C6RRFMG1NN441175

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2020 RAM 1500

Limited Crew Cab 4WD

55,483 miles

$37,324

Good Deal
Certified Pre-Owned
Glen Carbon, IL
25 mi away
Year:
2020
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Ivory White Tri-Coat Pearlcoat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
55,483
Stock number:
25NL262A
VIN:
1C6SRFHT7LN293944

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2022 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

75,227 miles

$27,654

Good Deal
O'Fallon, IL
20 mi away
Year:
2022
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
305 hp 3.6L V6
Exterior color:
Gray (Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat)
Combined gas mileage:
21 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
75,227
Stock number:
16374P-1
VIN:
1C6RRFFG1NN386353

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2022 RAM 1500

Classic Warlock Quad Cab 4WD

40,289 miles

$28,990

Good Deal
Wood River, IL
34 mi away
Year:
2022
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
305 hp 3.6L V6
Exterior color:
Patriot Blue Pearlcoat
Combined gas mileage:
19 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
40,289
Stock number:
P7947
VIN:
1C6RR7GG1NS156169

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

90,720 miles

$24,999

Good Deal
Alton, IL
41 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Black
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
90,720
Stock number:
TR5307A
VIN:
1C6SRFFT2KN599337

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

101,216 miles

$22,768

Great Deal
Sunset Hills, MO
44 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Bright White Clearcoat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
101,216
Stock number:
W2502486A
VIN:
1C6SRFFT8KN694887

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

172,536 miles

$17,995

Fair Deal
Saint Louis, MO
44 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
172,536
Stock number:
T73687A
VIN:
1C6SRFFT2KN879470

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 RAM 1500

SLT Crew Cab 4WD

170,285 miles

$12,800

Good Deal
Granite City, IL
30 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
White
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
170,285
Stock number:
12887
VIN:
1C6RR7LT9GS250113

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 RAM 1500

Rebel Crew Cab 4WD

131,126 miles

$26,638

Fair Deal
Alton, IL
40 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Red/Black Leather
Transmission:
Automatic
Mileage:
131,126
Stock number:
20366A
VIN:
1C6SRFLT4KN695023

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2014 RAM 1500

R/T RWD

110,900 miles

$21,995

Fair Deal
Cottage Hills, IL
37 mi away
Year:
2014
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
2 doors
Drivetrain:
4X2
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Silver
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
110,900
Stock number:
121990
VIN:
3C6JR6CT1EG121990

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2020 RAM 1500

Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD

100,142 miles

$25,200

Good Deal
Florissant, MO
43 mi away
Year:
2020
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Bright White Clearcoat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
100,142
Stock number:
K1854P
VIN:
1C6SRFFT0LN313180

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2021 RAM 1500

Limited Crew Cab RWD

76,531 miles

$33,901

Good Deal
St Louis, MO
42 mi away
Year:
2021
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
4X2
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Exterior color:
Bright White Clear Coat
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
76,531
Stock number:
252138A
VIN:
1C6RREHT4MN609391

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2015 RAM 1500

Express Crew Cab RWD

172,387 miles

$11,500

Good Deal
Saint Louis, MO
40 mi away
Year:
2015
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
4X2
Engine:
395 hp 5.7L V8
Combined gas mileage:
18 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
172,387
Stock number:
7568
VIN:
1C6RR6KT1FS583903

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2022 RAM 1500

TRX Crew Cab 4WD

73,364 miles

$62,000

Great Deal
St Louis, MO
41 mi away
Year:
2022
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
702 hp 6.2L V8
Exterior color:
Bright White Clearcoat
Combined gas mileage:
12 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
73,364
Stock number:
T0019AA
VIN:
1C6SRFU97NN328401

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2025 RAM 1500

Warlock 4dr Crew Cab 4WD

10,046 miles

$42,879

Good Deal
O'Fallon, IL
20 mi away
Year:
2025
Make:
RAM
Model:
1500
Body type:
Pickup Truck
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
Four-Wheel Drive
Engine:
3L I6
Exterior color:
Bright White Clearcoat
Combined gas mileage:
20 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
8-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
10,046
Stock number:
43413-3
VIN:
1C6SRFGP4SN683029

Sponsored

  1. Home
  2. / Used Cars
  3. / RAM 1500
  4. / Illinois
  5. / Germantown
Overview
Reviews
FAQs

CarGurus recommends the 2019 RAM 1500

Picture of RAM 1500

Summary

  • With 9,751 currently listed for sale on CarGurus and an average price of $25,584.60, 33.5% of 2019 RAM 1500s for sale on CarGurus are rated as good or great deals.
  • Favorably reviewed: Owners rated the 2019 RAM 1500 4.6 / 5 stars and CarGurus experts gave it an 8.8 / 10.
  • 69.6% of 2019 1500 models on CarGurus are accident free.
  • The 2019 RAM 1500 featured a plush interior with high-quality materials, setting new standards for comfort in the full-size pickup class.

Why it stands out

The RAM 1500 stands out in the full-size truck segment with its exceptional comfort and refined interior, making it a top choice for both daily commuting and weekend adventures. Notably, it was the first in its class to feature a multi-link rear suspension, enhancing ride quality significantly compared to traditional leaf spring designs. With innovative storage solutions like the RamBox and advanced technology options including a large touchscreen and premium sound system, the RAM 1500 combines practicality with modern amenities that appeal to a wide range of drivers.

Other model years to consider

The 2024 RAM 1500 offers solid value with an average price of approximately $36,744 and a user rating of 4.9 out of 5, along with a notable 36% of listings classified as good or great deals. For those seeking more budget-friendly options, the 2020 model presents a compelling choice at around $28,755, featuring a strong user rating of 4.7 and a good deal availability of 33%. Additionally, the 2016 RAM 1500 stands out as a cost-effective option priced at about $18,353, maintaining a user rating of 4.7 and also benefitting from good deal availability.

Model years to approach with caution

The 2025 and 2026 RAM 1500 model years should be approached with caution due to their higher average prices compared to older models, which may impact overall value. Additionally, both years show a significant percentage of listings classified as not good or great deals, indicating that buyers might struggle to find favorable pricing options. Although user ratings remain decent, the comparatively lower expert evaluations suggest there may be underlying concerns worth considering before making a purchase decision.

These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from January 6, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.

4.5 Overall rating

(1,133 reviews)

Customers say

Overall, owners of the RAM 1500 across all model years generally praise its powerful performance, upscale interiors, and comfortable rides. Many drivers highlight the spacious and well-designed interiors, advanced technology features, and impressive towing capabilities as standout aspects. However, some common concerns arise, including engine reliability issues and desires for more safety options. Fuel economy, although appreciated, can be a topic of critique, along with the occasional frustration over certain tech functions not meeting expectations.

AI generated from the text of customer reviews.

What people say

features interior performance power ride quality
Jordan D
4.0
Reviewed a 2011 RAM SLT Quad Cab 4WD on Jan 24, 2025

It is a nice truck worth the money and is a all around good year for dodge

Harry C
5.0
Reviewed a 2022 RAM Big Horn Crew Cab 4WD on Sep 16, 2024

Love the features! It’s a smooth, quiet, & comfortable ride. Looks and feels great as well.

Yazze H
5.0
Reviewed a 2023 RAM 1500 on May 25, 2024

It has what I feel was lacking in the other standard models. What it lacks in towing ability it flourishes in off road capability. This truck is ready to hit the trails right off the lot.

Anonymous
5.0
Reviewed a 2024 RAM 1500 on May 17, 2024

The TRX is an amazing truck. I love everything about it. The looks. The ride. The features. They nailed everything with this truck.

Anonymous
5.0
Reviewed a 2019 RAM Laramie Longhorn Crew Cab 4WD on Mar 07, 2024

Great value, truck has everything I was looking for in terms of towing (got the 3.92 axle) and comfort.

RAM 1500 FAQs

How much does the RAM 1500 cost in Germantown, IL?

The average RAM 1500 costs about $29,351.24. The average price has decreased by -5.4% since last year. The 302 for sale near Germantown, IL on CarGurus, range from $7,995 to $69,995 in price.

Is the RAM 1500 a good car?

CarGurus experts gave the 2026 RAM 1500 an overall rating of 8/10 and RAM 1500 owners have rated the vehicle a 4.5/5 stars on average. If a vehicle has both strong expert and owner reviews, you can feel confident in its quality. If either expert reviews, owner reviews, or both are spotty, you might want to do some research to figure out where the car falls short.

How many RAM 1500 vehicles in Germantown, IL have no reported accidents or damage?

302 out of 302 for sale near Germantown, IL have no reported accidents or damage.

Is the RAM 1500 safe?

CarGurus experts gave the 2026 RAM 1500 a safety rating of 7/10.

What fuel types are available?

Flex Fuel Vehicle, Biodiesel, Gasoline engines are available.

  • 2026 RAM 1500 in Germantown IL

  • 2025 RAM 1500

  • 2024 RAM 1500

  • 2023 RAM 1500

  • 2022 RAM 1500

  • 2021 RAM 1500

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $10,000

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $15,000

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $20,000

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $25,000

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $30,000

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale Under $40,000

  • Used White RAM 1500 for Sale

  • Used Blue RAM 1500 for Sale

  • Used Red RAM 1500 for Sale

  • Used Black RAM 1500 for Sale

  • Used Silver RAM 1500 for Sale

  • Used Gray RAM 1500 for Sale

  • RAM 1500 Big Horn in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Laramie in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Rebel in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Limited in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Lone Star/Big Horn in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Tradesman in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 SLT in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Sport in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Classic SLT in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 Express in Germantown IL

  • Lifted RAM & Dodge trucks for sale in Germantown IL

  • Work Trucks for Sale in Germantown IL

  • Reliable Cars For Sale in Germantown IL

  • Best Pickup Trucks For Sale in Germantown IL

  • Used RAM 1500 for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Pickup Trucks for Sale with Low Mileage

  • New RAM 1500 in Germantown IL

  • Certified Used RAM 1500 in Germantown IL

  • Dodge RAM 1500 in Germantown IL

  • RAM 1500 in Saint Louis MO

  • RAM 1500 in Carbondale IL

  • RAM 1500 in Cape Girardeau MO

  • RAM 1500 in Springfield IL

  • RAM 1500 in Decatur IL

  • RAM 1500 in Paducah KY

  • RAM 1500 in Evansville IN

  • RAM 1500 in Champaign IL

  • RAM 1500 in Rolla MO

  • All Used Cars

  • Manual Transmission Cars

  • Luxury Cars

  • Cars with Red Interior

  • Cheap Manual Cars

  • Hybrid Cars

  • Sports Cars

  • Electric SUVs

  • Cheap Trucks

  • Small Cars

  • Third Row SUVs

  • Three Quarter Ton Trucks

  • Lifted Trucks

  • Manual Transmission Trucks

  • Diesel Trucks

  • Hybrid SUVs

  • Dually Trucks

  • One Ton Trucks

  • Cheap SUVs

  • Lifted Ford Trucks

  • 4x4 Trucks

  • Work Trucks

  • AWD SUVs

  • Ford Trucks

  • Chevrolet Trucks

  • Toyota Trucks

  • Trucks Under $10,000

  • Cars Under $15,000

  • Sports Cars Under $20,000

  • Trucks Under $20,000

  • Used Sedans for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used SUVs / Crossovers for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Hatchbacks for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Convertibles for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Vans for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Minivans for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Pickup Trucks for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Coupes for Sale with Low Mileage

  • Used Wagons for Sale with Low Mileage

  • St. Louis Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram

  • South County Dodge Chrysler Jeep

  • McGinley Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram

  • K & J Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram

  • Cassens Chrysler Dodge

Connect with us
Download our app
Download on the App Store Get it on Google Play
  • Company
  • About CarGurus
  • Our team
  • Press
  • Investor relations
  • Price trends
  • Careers
  • Advertise with CarGurus
  • For dealers
  • Dealer signup
  • Dealer resources
  • Terms
  • Terms of use
  • Privacy policy
  • Interest-based ads
  • Security
  • Help
  • Help center
  • Contact us
Click for the BBB Business Review of this Auto Listing Service in Cambridge MA
    • United States (EN)
    • Estados Unidos (ES)
    • Canada (EN)
    • Canada (FR)
    • United Kingdom

© 2026 CarGurus, Inc., All Rights Reserved.