New Ford F-450 Super Duty for Sale nearMapleton, OR
Shop with transparent pricing.
Only show listings that include dealer fees- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Iconic Silver Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270032
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM6VEC05371
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $106,050
$109,716
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Avalanche
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 4
- Stock #:
- 261198
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM3TEF18164
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $107,465
$109,132
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Argon Blue Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 100
- Stock #:
- 261510
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM2TEF37269
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $99,130
$99,796
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Star White Metallic Tri-Coat
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 4
- Stock #:
- 261171
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM4TEF19470
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $108,065
$109,732
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Glacier Gray Met Tri-Coat
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270034
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM8VEC05565
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $107,045
$110,712
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Glacier Gray Met Tri-Coat
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 100
- Stock #:
- 261538
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM5TEE98094
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $108,340
$110,006
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Black Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx/Platinum Blue
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 5
- Stock #:
- F46053
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DT4TEE85036
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
No Price Listed
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Brown
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Java
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 27T009
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM2VEC25200
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
King Ranch Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $108,660
$108,875
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Star White Metallic Tri-Coat
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 20
- Stock #:
- TEE98381
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM8TEE98381
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $108,915
$107,534
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- White
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Smoked Truffle Unique Pl
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 5
- Stock #:
- F46667
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM2VEC49139
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
New car
MSRP $110,525
$110,775
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Agate Black Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 2
- Stock #:
- 55800
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM9TEE97787
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $103,105
$100,582
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Iconic Silver Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270150
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM9VEC48277
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $93,180
$95,846
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Iconic Silver Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270149
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM8VEC48318
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $95,750
$98,416
Customer summary
The Ford F-450 Super Duty has built a solid reputation for its exceptional towing power, providing drivers with confidence in handling heavy loads. Many owners appreciate its comfortable interior, making long trips more enjoyable. However, some did express concerns about fuel economy and handling, citing that it can struggle with efficiency, especially when loaded. Overall, the truck is favored for its rugged performance and luxury features.
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- STAR WHITE
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Smoked Truffle
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 12
- Stock #:
- VEC01800
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM5VEC01800
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $112,475
$113,094
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Marsh Gray
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270160
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM3VEC48419
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $96,245
$98,912
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Carbonized Gray Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270161
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM4VEC48378
Photos coming soon
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $95,750
$98,416
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Oxford White
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Medium Dark Slate
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 12
- Stock #:
- VEC39036
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM8VEC39036
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
XL Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $79,205
$84,824
- Year:
- 2027
- Make:
- Ford
- Model:
- F-450 Super Duty
- Body type:
- Pickup Truck
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- Four-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 6.7L V8 Biodiesel
- Exterior color:
- Agate Black Metallic
- Fuel type:
- Biodiesel
- Interior color:
- Black Onyx
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 3
- Stock #:
- 270171
- VIN:
- 1FT8W4DM0VEC48281
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty
Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD
New car
MSRP $94,175
$96,842
How much does the Ford F-450 Super Duty cost in today's market?
Used Ford F-450 Super Duty prices span a wide range depending on model year. Here's what the market looks like right now:
| Model Year | Current Avg. Price | Year-Round Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $94,356 | $94,346 – $109,989 |
| 2024 | $88,454 | $88,454 – $96,453 |
| 2023 | $79,338 | $78,867 – $83,502 |
| 2022 | $74,910 | $73,828 – $77,445 |
| 2021 | $68,097 | $65,765 – $72,663 |
| 2020 | $57,238 | $55,193 – $64,853 |
| 2019 | $59,050 | $57,555 – $62,818 |
| 2017 | $46,464 | $46,464 – $55,145 |
The Ford F-450 Super Duty's current nationwide average price is $78,972, and its nationwide average price reached a low of $77,864 over the past year.
Recently, prices have come down for the 2023, 2024, and 2025 models, making now a good time to shop recent model years.
Is the Ford F-450 Super Duty a good car?
Yes — the Ford F-450 Super Duty earns strong marks from owners across the lineup.
The all-generations owner rating is 4.52/5 across every model year in the data.
Owners consistently praise its exceptional towing power, comfortable interior, and rugged performance. Many also appreciate the luxury features that make long trips more enjoyable.
29.3% of listings are priced as good or great deals.
Are Ford F-450 Super Duty models reliable?
Owners consistently praise the Ford F-450 Super Duty for its strong towing capability, comfortable cabin, and confident heavy-duty performance. Expert feedback also highlights its capability and upscale feel.
- Owners rate the Ford F-450 Super Duty between 3.5 and 5.0 out of 5 stars across all model years in the data.
For used buyers, long-term ownership risk is best managed by checking service records, confirming maintenance history, and reviewing the vehicle history report before you buy.
What should I look for when buying a used Ford F-450 Super Duty?
Across all model years, accident-free inventory is solid at 83.7% — always verify the vehicle history report.
| Model Year | Accident-Free % |
|---|---|
| 2026 | 98.2% |
| 2025 | 96.4% |
| 2024 | 94.6% |
| 2023 | 89.5% |
| 2022 | 86.5% |
| 2021 | 82.5% |
| 2020 | 70.3% |
| 2019 | 66.7% |
| 2018 | 67.7% |
| 2017 | 71.8% |
| 2016 | 74.8% |
| 2015 | 72.5% |
| 2014 | 68% |
Older model years carry meaningfully higher accident rates, so always verify the vehicle history report on pre-2021 models.
What Ford F-450 Super Duty do most buyers choose?
The Ford F-450 Super Duty years with the most listings are 2025, 2026, and 2023.
| Model Year | Total Listings | Good + Great Deals % |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 586 | 28.5% |
| 2026 | 435 | 28.7% |
| 2023 | 421 | 25.7% |
| 2024 | 387 | 29.7% |
| 2022 | 334 | 25.1% |
| 2021 | 314 | 25.2% |
Higher-volume years usually give you more choices on trim, mileage, and pricing, which makes them especially appealing if you want to compare several similar trucks before deciding. They also tend to be the easiest years to shop when you want both selection and deal opportunities.
What is the Ford F-450 Super Duty's resale value?
| Model Year | Current Avg. Price | Year-Over-Year Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | $46,464 | −15.42% |
| 2025 | $94,356 | −14.21% |
| 2020 | $57,238 | −10.87% |
| 2024 | $88,454 | −8.29% |
| 2019 | $59,050 | −5.98% |
| 2021 | $68,097 | −5.21% |
| 2023 | $79,338 | −5.03% |
| 2022 | $74,910 | −3.21% |
The table shows broad price declines across the lineup, with several years posting double-digit drops. That pattern can work in your favor as a used buyer because it opens up more recent trucks at lower prices than a year ago. The smallest changes are clustered in the newer middle years, which suggests those versions have moved less sharply than the rest.
The 2022, 2023, and 2021 model years have held their value best, with the smallest year-over-year price changes.
Should I buy a used Ford F-450 Super Duty now or wait for the next model?
Buy now if:
- Price trend: The 2025 model is at −14.21% versus a year ago, and the 2024 model is at −8.29%.
- Deal availability: The 2025 model has 28.5% good and great deals, and the 2024 model has 29.7%.
- Sweet-spot year: The 2025 model has the most listings at a current average price of $94,356.
If you're buying used today, the 2025 model year offers the best mix of value and availability. If you want the newest version, it may be worth waiting for the next model year's inventory to build up.
These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from September 29, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
4.6 Overall rating
Customers say
The Ford F-450 Super Duty has built a solid reputation for its exceptional towing power, providing drivers with confidence in handling heavy loads. Many owners appreciate its comfortable interior, making long trips more enjoyable. However, some did express concerns about fuel economy and handling, citing that it can struggle with efficiency, especially when loaded. Overall, the truck is favored for its rugged performance and luxury features.
AI generated from the text of customer reviews.
Filter by year
Filter by rating
What people say
Jim, Sr. F
Reviewed a 2024 Ford F-450 Super Duty on Jun 5, 2025
Maybe a little overpriced but it is a great truck.
Ford F-450 Super Duty Trims
| Trim type | MSRP |
|---|---|
| 2026 XLT Regular Cab LB DRW 4WD | $69,070 |
| 2026 XLT Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD | $72,835 |
| 2026 XL Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD | $70,725 |
| 2026 King Ranch Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD | $94,890 |
| 2026 Lariat Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD | $82,465 |
| 2026 Platinum Crew Cab LB DRW 4WD | $96,335 |
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Ford F-450 Super Duty Price Trends
CarGurus tracks the prices of millions of car listings every year. See how the average price of prices has changed over time.
See more price trendsFord F-450 Super Duty Pricing Analysis
Pricing Analysis by Model Year
Key Insights
- New-Car Premium: The 2027 model year shows a significant average price of $112,280, reflecting a 75.9% premium over its starting MSRP.
- Depreciation Curve: The 2016 model year has experienced the steepest depreciation at -27.2%, indicating a sharp decline in value compared to newer models.
- Years Priced Above Starting MSRP: A total of 9 years are priced above their starting MSRP, highlighting strong demand for recent models.
Model Year Pricing
| Model Year | Starting MSRP | Avg Price | Avg Price vs Starting MSRP |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2027 | $63,840 | $112,280 | +75.9% |
| 2026 | $62,330 | $112,918 | +81.2% |
| 2025 | $59,955 | $94,767 | +58.1% |
| 2024 | $59,455 | $87,994 | +48.0% |
| 2023 | $58,455 | $80,669 | +38.0% |
| 2022 | $56,625 | $75,162 | +32.7% |
| 2021 | $50,410 | $67,218 | +33.3% |
| 2020 | $50,210 | $59,264 | +18.0% |
| 2019 | $47,375 | $59,525 | +25.6% |
| 2018 | $51,795 | $49,036 | -5.3% |
| 2017 | $53,945 | $47,068 | -12.7% |
| 2016 | $53,060 | $38,634 | -27.2% |
Pricing by Popular US Cities
Market Area: Nationwide
Key Insights
- Highest-Price Market: Dallas, TX leads with an average price of $84,935, indicating a premium market for the Ford F-450 Super Duty.
- Best Value: New York, NY has the lowest average price at $34,551, suggesting a more affordable option for buyers in that region.
- Inventory Drives Stability: Dallas, TX also has the most listings at 360, which may contribute to price stability in that market.
City-Level Pricing
| City | Total Listings | Avg Price |
|---|---|---|
| Dallas, TX | 360 | $84,935 |
| Atlanta, GA | 325 | $76,421 |
| Washington, DC | 301 | $78,990 |
| Houston, TX | 300 | $71,812 |
| Chicago, IL | 292 | $44,530 |
| Philadelphia, PA | 284 | $67,912 |
| New York, NY | 269 | $34,551 |
| Boston, MA | 249 | $45,205 |
| Miami, FL | 234 | $57,568 |
| Los Angeles, CA | 225 | $50,831 |
These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from September 30, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Overview
The 2023 Ford F-450 Super Duty is an impressively capable full-size, heavy-duty truck. It puts up immense towing and hauling numbers, and it comes equipped with features designed for the job site.
What’s New for the 2023 Ford F-450 Super Duty
The entire Ford Super Duty lineup has received updates for the 2023 model year, including refreshed styling and some changes to the engine lineup. Inside, the Super Duty gets a modern dash with the latest infotainment technology.
Design
The F-450 is offered with single-cab and crew-cab variants. You can only get it with the dual-rear-wheel (aka “dually”) setup and an 8-foot bed. Trims for the 2023 F-450 are XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, Platinum, and Limited. All trims come with helpful step-ups cut into the body. Higher-tier trims have fixed, power-deploying running boards. The Lariat trim adds PowerScope trailer tow mirrors, and the King Ranch adds a power tailgate.
Powertrain
No matter which trim you select, the F-450 comes equipped with a 6.7-liter Power Stroke turbodiesel V8 engine. It makes 475 horsepower and 1,050 pound-feet of torque. A High-Output version of this turbodiesel V8 is available, putting out 500 horsepower and a stupendous 1,200 pound-feet of torque. Ford also offers a 7.3-liter gas V8 engine that makes 430 horsepower and 485 pound-feet of torque.
Power is routed to standard four-wheel drive (4WD) through a 10-speed automatic transmission and 4.30 gearing. When properly equipped, the F-450 can tow an impressive 40,000 pounds, and Fifth Wheel/Gooseneck towing prep is included with the F-450.
Interior
Thanks to bench seating, the regular cab F-450 provides seating for three and the crew cab provides seating for six. Standard features include cloth upholstery, rubberized floors, and manual seats. The XLT trim adds a power-adjustable driver’s seat. The Lariat trim adds leather upholstery and a fully digital instrument panel. The King Ranch adds an 18-speaker premium stereo system and high-output power outlets in the truck bed. The Platinum adds heated and ventilated front seats, as well as a helpful head-up display. The Limited adds unique two-tone leather upholstery and a large two-panel moonroof.
Technology
The 2023 F-450 Super Duty comes standard with Ford's SYNC 4 infotainment system. It includes an 8-inch touchscreen that supports Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.
Safety
Standard safety features for 2023 include airbags and an anti-theft system. Features such as automatic emergency braking, forward collision warning, and automatic high beams are optional on the XL and come included on upper trims.
Pricing
At the time of this writing, the 2023 Ford F-450 Super Duty has a base MSRP of $58,455 for an XL trim. The XLT trim starts at $65,695, the Lariat starts at $78,665, and the King Ranch starts at $91,090. The Platinum starts at $92,535 and the Limited at $103,030. The Ford F-450 Super Duty is backed by a five-year/60,000-mile powertrain warranty.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Relevant articles
2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty Pricing, Specs, and Release Date
The 2027 Ford F-450 Super Duty has updated option packages to keep it competitive against heavy-duty truck rivals such as the Chevrolet Silverado.
2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty Pricing, Specs, and Release Date
The 2026 Ford F-450 Super Duty is about as heavy-duty as a pickup truck gets, with a payload capacity of more than three tons and a 40,000-pound maximum towing capacity, all bundled with the latest interior and safety tech.
Who Makes Ford Cars?
Ford is one of the oldest and most influential American car brands. Based in Dearborn, Michigan, it has produced some of the most iconic cars ever and continues to be one of the top-10 best-selling carmakers worldwide.
