CarGurus Logo Homepage Link
  • Buy
    • Used cars
    • New cars
    • Certified pre-owned
    • Start your purchase online
    • Dealerships near me
  • Sell
    • Sell my car
    • Car values
    • Sell my car FAQs
  • Finance
    • Prequalify for financing
    • How does it work?
    • Financing FAQs
  • Research
    • Test drive reviews
    • Price trends
    • Tips & advice
    • Electric cars
    • Compare cars
  • Discover
    The latest way to shop:
    smarter research, better
    listings.
  • Saved cars & searches
  • Sign in / Register
    • My account
    • Saved searches
    • Saved cars
    • Recommended cars
    • Browsing history
    • Financing dashboard
      • United States (EN)
      • Estados Unidos (ES)
      • Canada (EN)
      • Canada (FR)
      • United Kingdom

Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale near Rio Grande, PR

392 results
Rio Grande, PR
2024 Volkswagen Golf R 4Motion Emich Volkswagen

2024 Volkswagen Golf R

4Motion

4,622 miles

$45,478

Good Deal
Certified Pre-Owned
Denver, CO
2,756 mi away
Year:
2024
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
315 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Pure White
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
4,622
Stock number:
T232551
VIN:
WVWEB7CD9RW232551

Sponsored

2017 Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

2017 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

129,918 miles

$18,999

Fair Deal
Pueblo, CO
2,703 mi away
Year:
2017
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Blue
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Manual
Mileage:
129,918
Stock number:
4820
VIN:
WVWWF7AU4HW127040

Sponsored

2017 Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

2017 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

46,630 miles

$26,991

Fair Deal
Carrollton, TX
2,172 mi away
Year:
2017
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Lapiz Blue Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
Manual
Mileage:
46,630
Stock number:
326918
VIN:
WVWWF7AU5HW107413

Sponsored

2019 Volkswagen Golf R AWD

2019 Volkswagen Golf R

AWD

58,262 miles

$29,975

Fair Deal
Fort Collins, CO
2,781 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
288 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Indium Gray Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
58,262
Stock number:
714642
VIN:
WVWVA7AU2KW222049

2017 Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

2017 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

36,703 miles

$27,990

Fair Deal
Bend, OR
3,642 mi away
Year:
2017
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Blue
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
36,703
Stock number:
HW183210A
VIN:
WVWVF7AU3HW183210

2017 Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

2017 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

80,995 miles

$23,299

Good Deal
Denver, CO
2,753 mi away
Year:
2017
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Oryx White Pearl Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Manual
Mileage:
80,995
Stock number:
T076813
VIN:
WVWWF7AU7HW076813

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 Volkswagen Golf R

AWD

40,800 miles

$30,200

Great Deal
Bellevue, WA
3,734 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
288 hp 2L I4
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
40,800
Stock number:
2616
VIN:
WVWVA7AU8KW155909

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2018 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

39,980 miles

$28,500

Good Deal
Mount Vernon, WA
3,754 mi away
Year:
2018
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Mileage:
39,980
Stock number:
N712A
VIN:
WVWVF7AU1JW067297

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

85,315 miles

$19,445

Fair Deal
Davie, FL
1,062 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
White
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Manual
Mileage:
85,315
Stock number:
258485
VIN:
WVWUF7AU9GW258485

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

105,055 miles

$17,700

Fair Deal
Midvale, UT
3,122 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Blue
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
105,055
Stock number:
140758
VIN:
WVWLF7AU4GW140758

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2013 Volkswagen Golf R

2-Door AWD with Sunroof and Navigation

114,471 miles

$14,450

Good Deal
Knoxville, TN
1,650 mi away
Year:
2013
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
2 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
256 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Rising Blue Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
23 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
Manual
Mileage:
114,471
Stock number:
DW072681
VIN:
WVWRF7AJ0DW072681

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2012 Volkswagen Golf R

2-Door AWD

96,505 miles

$11,995

Great Deal
St Albans City, VT
1,877 mi away
Year:
2012
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
2 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
256 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Carbon Steel Gray Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
23 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Manual
Mileage:
96,505
Stock number:
4657A
VIN:
WVWRF7AJ4CW319750

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2018 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

92,836 miles

$21,200

Good Deal
Toms River, NJ
1,574 mi away
Year:
2018
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
White Pearl Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
25 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
92,836
Stock number:
CF311A
VIN:
WVWVF7AU5JW301666

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door with DCC and Navigation

114,475 miles

$16,851

Good Deal
Fitchburg, WI
2,190 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Blue
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
114,475
Stock number:
WIV190725K28
VIN:
WVWLF7AU8GW190725

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2016 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door with DCC and Navigation

13,497 miles

$29,997

Fair Deal
Fond du Lac, WI
2,193 mi away
Year:
2016
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Oryx White Pearl
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Manual
Mileage:
13,497
Stock number:
K2AS34593
VIN:
WVWUF7AU1GW189971

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 Volkswagen Golf R

AWD

44,518 miles

$30,955

Good Deal
Bensenville, IL
2,085 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
288 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Anthracite Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
44,518
Stock number:
P6110
VIN:
WVWVA7AU8KW132016

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2019 Volkswagen Golf R

AWD

10,515 miles

$35,995

Good Deal
Mcminnville, OR
3,748 mi away
Year:
2019
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
288 hp 2L I4
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
10,515
Stock number:
V086
VIN:
WVWVA7AU6KW135951

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2023 Volkswagen Golf R

20th Anniversary Edition AWD

37,531 miles

$38,188

Fair Deal
Certified Pre-Owned
Kingwood, TX
2,015 mi away
Year:
2023
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
315 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Lapiz Blue Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
37,531
Stock number:
W260147A
VIN:
WVWAB7CD8PW180535

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2015 Volkswagen Golf R

AWD

123,679 miles

$15,992

Fair Deal
Smithville, MO
2,249 mi away
Year:
2015
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Lapiz Blue Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
123,679
Stock number:
25102B
VIN:
WVWLF7AU9FW207398

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2018 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

83,943 miles

$22,995

Good Deal
Nanuet, NY
1,645 mi away
Year:
2018
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Deep Black Pearl
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
7-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
83,943
Stock number:
7681
VIN:
WVWVF7AU1JW087615

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2018 Volkswagen Golf R

4-Door AWD

65,694 miles

$26,977

Good Deal
Hickory, NC
1,531 mi away
Year:
2018
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
292 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Oryx White Pearl Metallic
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Titan Black
Transmission:
6-Speed Automatic
Mileage:
65,694
Stock number:
CM10074
VIN:
WVWVF7AU4JW208878

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2024 Volkswagen Golf R

4Motion

10,412 miles

$40,995

Great Deal
Certified Pre-Owned
Mission, TX
2,139 mi away
Year:
2024
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
315 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Lapiz Blue Metallic
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Interior color:
Black (Titan Blk w/Blue Accents)
Transmission:
Automatic
Mileage:
10,412
Stock number:
TRW120482
VIN:
WVWEB7CD4RW120482

Preparing for a close up...

Photos coming soon

2024 Volkswagen Golf R

4Motion

5,802 miles

$43,900

Great Deal
Walnut Creek, CA
3,623 mi away
Year:
2024
Make:
Volkswagen
Model:
Golf R
Body type:
Hatchback
Doors:
4 doors
Drivetrain:
All-Wheel Drive
Engine:
315 hp 2L I4
Exterior color:
Black
Combined gas mileage:
26 MPG
Fuel type:
Gasoline
Transmission:
7-Speed Dual Clutch
Mileage:
5,802
Stock number:
MP2077
VIN:
WVWEB7CD0RW132810

Sponsored

  1. Home
  2. / Used Cars
  3. / Volkswagen Golf R
  4. / Puerto Rico
  5. / Rio Grande
Overview
Reviews
FAQs

CarGurus recommends the 2024 Volkswagen Golf R

Picture of Volkswagen Golf R ## Summary - With 163 currently listed for sale and an **average price of $43,689**, 31.9% of 2024 Volkswagen Golfs R for sale on CarGurus are rated as good or great deals. - **Favorably reviewed:** Owners rated the 2024 Volkswagen Golf R 5 / 5 stars. - **96.3% of 2024 Golf R models on CarGurus are accident free**. - The 2024 Volkswagen Golf R boasts an impressive powertrain, enhanced luxury features, and advanced technology, making it one of the top performers in its segment. ## Why it stands out The 2024 Volkswagen Golf R is praised for its exceptional performance and refinement. As the latest generation, it features a turbocharged 2.0-liter engine that delivers 315 horsepower, paired with an advanced all-wheel drive system. The Golf R is designed for both thrilling drive experiences and everyday usability, showcasing a blend of spirited performance and high-end comfort. With a selection of luxury features such as a panoramic sunroof, a premium audio system, and cutting-edge tech, it appeals to buyers seeking both practicality and excitement on the road. ## Other model years to consider - **[2019 Volkswagen Golf R](https://www.cargurus.com/Cars/l-Used-2019-Volkswagen-Golf-R-c28688)** - Average price: $29,718.00 - Good/great deal percentage: 34.1% - User rating: 4.5 / 5 - Total listings: 88 These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from March 20, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.

4.8 Overall rating

(54 reviews)

Customers say

The Volkswagen Golf R has built a strong reputation for its impressive performance, sporty handling, and practical interior across multiple model years. Owners consistently rave about its all-wheel drive system, which enhances driving dynamics and safety, making it a joy to drive in various conditions. Many appreciate its luxurious interior space and the thrill it delivers on both daily commutes and spirited weekends. However, some drivers have expressed concerns about price, particularly feeling the value isn't as enticing with rising costs. Additionally, a few have noted drawbacks in performance-related features, indicating room for improvement.

AI generated from the text of customer reviews.

What people say

AWD comfort handling interior performance
Tony G
5.0
Reviewed a 2022 Volkswagen Golf R on Sep 28, 2024

If you like driving this car will excite you. It handles excellent, accelerates quickly . It’s functional lots if room for storage with the seats down . In the winter it’s great in the snow . You can drive it in race mode to hear the engine roar !

Len G
5.0
Reviewed a 2023 Volkswagen 20th Anniversary Edition AWD on Jan 10, 2025

Amazing tech, very comfortable, fun to drive. Last year they will be offering stick shift. 20th anniversary edition has no sunroof which I like. Liked it more than the GR Corolla surprisingly. Coming from a 13 year old GTI.

Christopher P
5.0
Reviewed a 2019 Volkswagen Golf R on Dec 07, 2022

Amazing fun from such a small car. Absolutely love it.

Joel B
5.0
Reviewed a 2016 Volkswagen Golf R on Jun 06, 2022

Form & function meet to produce a smooth suburban GT cruiser.

matthew d
5.0
Reviewed a 2013 Volkswagen 4-Door AWD with Sunroof and Navigation on May 06, 2014

The rising blue color on the Golf R is THE color to have. The stock 18inch wheels are beautiful as well. Interior is top top notch, like something out of a 60K car and the steering wheel is from a lamborghini. Great engine, brakes, steering. Huge interior space.

Volkswagen Golf R FAQs

Is the Volkswagen Golf R a good car?

CarGurus experts gave the 2025 Volkswagen Golf R an overall rating of 7.7/10 and Volkswagen Golf R owners have rated the vehicle a 4.7/5 stars on average. If a vehicle has both strong expert and owner reviews, you can feel confident in its quality. If either expert reviews, owner reviews, or both are spotty, you might want to do some research to figure out where the car falls short.

Is the Volkswagen Golf R safe?

CarGurus experts gave the 2025 Volkswagen Golf R a safety rating of 8/10.

  • 2026 Volkswagen Golf R in Rio Grande PR

  • 2025 Volkswagen Golf R in Rio Grande PR

  • 2024 Volkswagen Golf R

  • 2023 Volkswagen Golf R

  • 2022 Volkswagen Golf R

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $10,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $15,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $20,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $25,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $30,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale Under $40,000 Near Rio Grande

  • Used White Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Used Blue Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Used Red Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Used Black Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Used Silver Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Used Gray Volkswagen Golf R for Sale in Rio Grande

  • Volkswagen Golf R 4Motion

  • Volkswagen Golf R AWD

  • Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD

  • Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with DCC and Navigation

  • Volkswagen Golf R 2.0T 4Motion AWD

  • Volkswagen Golf R 20th Anniversary Edition AWD

  • Volkswagen Golf R Black Edition 4Motion in Rio Grande PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R 2-Door AWD

  • Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door with DCC and Navigation

  • Volkswagen Golf R 4-Door AWD with Sunroof and Navigation

  • Volkswagen (Voltswagen) Electric Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Small Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Sports Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Best Sleeper Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Sports Cars Under $20,000 for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Cheap Small Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Volkswagen Electric Cars for Sale in Rio Grande PR

  • Used Volkswagen Golf R for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Hatchbacks for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • New Volkswagen Golf R in Rio Grande PR

  • Certified Used Volkswagen Golf R in Rio Grande PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R in San Juan PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Ponce PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R in St Thomas VI

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Arecibo PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Christiansted VI

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Aguadilla PR

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Miami FL

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Homestead FL

  • Volkswagen Golf R in Fort Lauderdale FL

  • All Used Cars

  • Manual Transmission Cars

  • Luxury Cars

  • Cars with Red Interior

  • Cheap Manual Cars

  • Hybrid Cars

  • Sports Cars

  • Electric SUVs

  • Cheap Trucks

  • Small Cars

  • Third Row SUVs

  • Three Quarter Ton Trucks

  • Lifted Trucks

  • Manual Transmission Trucks

  • Diesel Trucks

  • Hybrid SUVs

  • Dually Trucks

  • One Ton Trucks

  • Cheap SUVs

  • Lifted Ford Trucks

  • 4x4 Trucks

  • Work Trucks

  • AWD SUVs

  • Ford Trucks

  • Chevrolet Trucks

  • Toyota Trucks

  • Trucks Under $10,000

  • Cars Under $15,000

  • Sports Cars Under $20,000

  • Trucks Under $20,000

  • Used Sedans for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used SUVs / Crossovers for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Hatchbacks for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Convertibles for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Vans for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Minivans for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Pickup Trucks for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Coupes for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

  • Used Wagons for Sale with Low Mileage in Rio Grande

Connect with us
Download our app
Download on the App Store Get it on Google Play
  • Company
  • About CarGurus
  • Our team
  • Press
  • Investor relations
  • Price trends
  • Careers
  • Advertise with CarGurus
  • For dealers
  • Dealer signup
  • Dealer resources
  • Terms
  • Terms of use
  • Privacy policy
  • Interest-based ads
  • Security
  • Help
  • Help center
  • Contact us
Click for the BBB Business Review of this Auto Listing Service in Cambridge MA
    • United States (EN)
    • Estados Unidos (ES)
    • Canada (EN)
    • Canada (FR)
    • United Kingdom

© 2026 CarGurus, Inc., All Rights Reserved.