Used Audi SQ8 for Sale nearVictorville, CA
Shop with transparent pricing.
Only show listings that include dealer fees- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Mythos Black Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Arras Red
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 1,535
- Stock #:
- STD032126
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF16TD032126
Sponsored by Audi Rancho Mirage
2026 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
1,535 mi
$106,966
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Daytona Gray Pearl Effect
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black w/ Rock Gray Stitching
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 42,570
- Stock #:
- 17103P
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF17ND011739
Sponsored Listing
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
42,570 mi
$59,817
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Gray
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Rotor Gray
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 31,704
- Stock #:
- ND031005P
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF17ND031005
Sponsored Listing
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
31,704 mi
$62,485
- Year:
- 2023
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Daytona Gray Pearl Effect
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 22,935
- Stock #:
- 22204A
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF11PD032015
2023 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
22,935 mi
$65,999
- Year:
- 2023
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Mythos Black Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Rotor Gray
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 51,536
- Stock #:
- PPD044813
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF11PD044813
2023 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
51,536 mi
$53,852
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Gray
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 26,567
- Stock #:
- 29210063
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF10ND026826
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
26,567 mi
$63,147
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Mythos Black Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 53,416
- Stock #:
- 81786MY
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF11ND033980
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
53,416 mi
$54,662
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Gray
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 49,768
- Stock #:
- 29123731
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF10MD009837
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
49,768 mi
$50,697
- Year:
- 2023
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Glacier White Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Arras Red
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 37,775
- Stock #:
- PD032510P
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF10PD032510
2023 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
37,775 mi
$61,583
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Gray
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Rotor Gray
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 31,704
- Stock #:
- ND031005P
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF17ND031005
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
31,704 mi
$62,485
- Year:
- 2020
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Blue
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 58,740
- Stock #:
- 12709
- VIN:
- WA1CWAF1XLD027277
2020 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
58,740 mi
$49,993
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Black
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 60,538
- Stock #:
- 002509
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF12MD002509
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
60,538 mi
$48,879
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Mythos Black Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Arras Red
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 1,535
- Stock #:
- STD032126
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF16TD032126
2026 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
1,535 mi
$106,966
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Blue
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 59,676
- Stock #:
- 12679
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF10MD023074
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
59,676 mi
$49,993
- Year:
- 2024
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Ascari Blue Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 15,510
- Stock #:
- 800453
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF19RD007262
2024 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
15,510 mi
$80,992
- Year:
- 2023
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Glacier White Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 70,371
- Stock #:
- P023111
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF16PD023111
-$4,110
2023 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
70,371 mi
$58,274
$54,164
- Year:
- 2023
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- White
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 39,445
- Stock #:
- P12399
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF11PD024151
2023 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
39,445 mi
$63,637
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Silver
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 59,171
- Stock #:
- 025519
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF1XMD025519
-$4,001
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
59,171 mi
$53,085
$49,084
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Daytona Gray Pearl Effect
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black w/ Rock Gray Stitching
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 42,570
- Stock #:
- 17103P
- VIN:
- WA1CWBF17ND011739
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
42,570 mi
$59,817
- Year:
- 2022
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Silver
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 72,774
- Stock #:
- 015474
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF17ND015474
2022 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
72,774 mi
$48,241
- Year:
- 2020
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Daytona Gray Pearl
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 43,741
- Stock #:
- M3846
- VIN:
- WA1CWAF14LD022222
2020 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
43,741 mi
$49,895
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Black
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Red (BURGUNDY)
- Transmission:
- Automatic
- Mileage:
- 55,391
- Stock #:
- 70123028
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF17MD028191
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
55,391 mi
$52,797
- Year:
- 2026
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Mythos Black Metallic
- Combined gas mileage:
- 17 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 387
- Stock #:
- TD016119A
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF13TD025495
2026 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Premium Plus
387 mi
$97,568
- Year:
- 2021
- Make:
- Audi
- Model:
- SQ8
- Body type:
- SUV / Crossover
- Doors:
- 4 doors
- Drivetrain:
- All-Wheel Drive
- Engine:
- 4L V8
- Exterior color:
- Blue
- Combined gas mileage:
- 18 MPG
- Fuel type:
- Gasoline
- Interior color:
- Black
- Transmission:
- 8-Speed Automatic
- Mileage:
- 59,676
- Stock #:
- 12679
- VIN:
- WA1AWBF10MD023074
Sponsored Listing
2021 Audi SQ8
4.0T quattro Prestige
59,676 mi
$49,993
How much does the Audi SQ8 cost in today's market?
Used Audi SQ8 prices span a wide range depending on model year. Here's what the market looks like right now:
| Model Year | Current Avg. Price | Year-Round Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | $67,209 | $67,209 – $75,184 |
The Audi SQ8's current nationwide average price is $71,396, and its lowest point over the past year was $56,879. Recently, prices have come down for the 2023 models, making now a good time to shop recent model years.
Is the Audi SQ8 a good car?
Yes — the Audi SQ8 earns strong marks from owners across the model years in this data.
The all-generations owner rating is 5/5 across every model year in the data.
40.4% of listings are priced as good or great deals.
Are Audi SQ8 models reliable?
Owners consistently give the Audi SQ8 top marks, and the available review data points to a strong ownership experience across the model years included here.
- Owners rate the Audi SQ8 5.0 out of 5 stars across all model years in the data.
For used buyers, long-term ownership risk is best managed by checking service history, accident records, and how well the vehicle has been maintained.
What should I look for when buying a used Audi SQ8?
Across all model years, accident-free inventory is solid at 89.6% — always verify the vehicle history report.
| Model Year | Accident-Free % |
|---|---|
| 2026 | 92.1% |
| 2025 | 93.6% |
| 2024 | 91.3% |
| 2023 | 90.5% |
| 2022 | 87.6% |
| 2021 | 83.3% |
| 2020 | 83.3% |
What Audi SQ8 do most buyers choose?
The Audi SQ8 years with the most listings are 2023, 2024, and 2022.
| Model Year | Total Listings | Good + Great Deals % |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 211 | 41.2% |
| 2024 | 195 | 41% |
| 2022 | 178 | 42.1% |
| 2025 | 110 | 40% |
| 2021 | 84 | 40.5% |
| 2020 | 48 | 41.7% |
The highest-volume years tend to draw more shoppers because they offer more inventory to compare, which can make it easier to find the right color, mileage, and equipment mix. They also often become the most visible choices in the used market because more listings create more opportunities to shop.
What is the Audi SQ8's resale value?
| Model Year | Current Avg. Price | Year-Over-Year Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | $67,209 | −10.61% |
The table shows a sharp year-over-year price drop for the model year listed here, which can create a more attractive entry point for used buyers. That kind of movement can improve value if you're shopping for a recent model year and want a lower price than last year. The 2023 model years have held their value best, with the smallest year-over-year price changes.
Should I buy a used Audi SQ8 now or wait for the next model?
Buy now if:
- Price trend: The 2023 model is at −10.61% versus a year ago.
- Deal availability: The 2023 model has 41.2% good and great deals.
- Sweet-spot year: The 2023 model has the most listings at a current average price of $67,209.
If you're buying used today, the 2023 model year offers the best mix of value and availability. If you want the newest version, it may be worth waiting for the next model year's inventory to build up.
These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from September 22, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
5.0 Overall rating
Filter by year
Filter by rating
Somaly N
Reviewed a 2022 Audi SQ8 on Dec 26, 2025
This SQ8 2022 is beautiful. It checks all the boxes for me. It drives like hot knife cuts through butter. I love the way it handles the road. I feel safe in it. It has all the safety features. Money well spent!
Anonymous
Reviewed a 2021 Audi SQ8 on Jan 1, 2021
This suv is just a blast to drive. Even with 22 inch wheels it is comfortable and smooths out bumps in the road. The interior , along with the tech embedded, is superb. Only minor issue is that there are not big enough cubby holes. Lastly the gas mileage is running around 15 mpg so you will be filling up more often (but this was expected).
Audi SQ8 Trims
| Trim type | MSRP |
|---|---|
| 4.0T quattro Premium Plus | $99,700 |
| 4.0T quattro | -- |
| 4.0T quattro Prestige | $107,200 |
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Audi SQ8 Price Trends
CarGurus tracks the prices of millions of used car listings every year. See how the average price of Audi SQ8 prices has changed over time.
See more price trendsAudi SQ8 Pricing Analysis
Pricing Analysis by Model Year
Key Insights
- Strong Demand for Newer Models: The 2026 Audi SQ8 is priced at $103,468, reflecting a 6.8% premium over its MSRP, indicating robust demand for the latest model.
- Significant Depreciation for Older Models: The 2021 Audi SQ8 shows a steep decline, with an average price of $46,157, representing a -48.3% depreciation from its original MSRP.
- Best Value in Recent Years: The 2024 Audi SQ8 is priced at $77,077, which is -20.5% below MSRP, making it a compelling option for buyers seeking value.
Model Year Pricing
| Model Year | Original MSRP | Avg Price | Price vs MSRP |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 Audi SQ8 | $99,700 | $103,468 | +6.8% |
| 2025 Audi SQ8 | $97,600 | $90,104 | -7.7% |
| 2024 Audi SQ8 | $96,600 | $77,077 | -20.5% |
| 2023 Audi SQ8 | $95,500 | $66,806 | -30.1% |
| 2022 Audi SQ8 | $93,500 | $58,889 | -37.0% |
| 2021 Audi SQ8 | $89,100 | $46,157 | -48.3% |
| 2020 Audi SQ8 | $89,000 | $45,869 | -48.7% |
Pricing by Popular US Cities
Market Area: Nationwide
Key Insights
- Highest Prices in Dallas: The Dallas, TX market has the highest average price at $76,597, likely due to higher demand and lower inventory.
- Lowest Prices in Chicago: Chicago, IL offers the most competitive pricing at $60,579, suggesting a more price-sensitive market or higher inventory levels.
- Regional Price Variability: Cities like Philadelphia ($72,482) and Washington, DC ($70,375) show significant pricing, indicating varying demand across regions.
City-Level Pricing
| City | Total Listings | Avg Price |
|---|---|---|
| Dallas, TX | 51 | $76,597 |
| Philadelphia, PA | 66 | $72,482 |
| Washington, DC | 66 | $70,375 |
| Atlanta, GA | 51 | $73,651 |
| Miami, FL | 49 | $67,769 |
| Houston, TX | 51 | $66,220 |
| New York, NY | 87 | $64,598 |
| Boston, MA | 58 | $64,155 |
| Los Angeles, CA | 50 | $62,091 |
| Chicago, IL | 53 | $60,579 |
These recommendations are based on CarGurus' proprietary market data from September 23, 2026, CarGurus experts' opinions, and generative AI.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Overview
About the Audi SQ8
The SQ8 is the middle child of the Audi Q8 lineup, sitting between the base Q8 and the RS Q8 models. While the RS Q8 is even faster, the SQ8 produces plenty of thrills thanks to a 500-horsepower twin-turbo V8 engine. Note that Audi also sells an electric SQ8 e-tron, but this is a different vehicle that only shares a name with the gasoline model.
What are the advantages of the Audi SQ8?
- Powerful engine
- Fun to drive
- Standard all-wheel drive
What is the best Audi SQ8 model year?
The SQ8 was introduced for the 2020 model year and hasn’t been redesigned since. It’s first major update is scheduled for the 2024 model year, and even that is anticipated to be mostly cosmetic.
What are the disadvantages of the Audi SQ8?
- Poor fuel economy
- Poor value for money
Comparison: Is the Audi SQ8 better than the Porsche Cayenne S?
With a manufacturer-estimated zero to 60 mph time of 4.3 seconds and 500 hp on tap, the SQ8 is quicker and more powerful than the latest Porsche Cayenne S. However, driving enthusiasts may prefer the feel of the Porsche, which was designed from the start as a performance vehicle. The SQ8, in contrast, is a souped-up version of the more staid Audi Q8.
Is the Audi SQ8 a reliable car?
J.D. Power customer satisfaction ratings for the SQ8 weren’t available at the time of publication, but owners of the Q8 on which this model is based seem fairly satisfied with their vehicles. For 2023, the Q8 earned an overall score of 75 points out of 100.
Is the Audi SQ8 worth the cost?
The SQ8 is really only worth it for Audi loyalists who want a sportier feel from their Q8. There are plenty of other performance SUVs out there, and the SQ8 isn’t exactly a bargain, making it less compelling to buyers shopping other brands.
*CarGurus meticulously monitors the prices of millions of pre-owned vehicle listings, offering users precise and up-to-date market insights. Historical pricing data excludes any additional dealer fees as of May 3, 2026.
Relevant articles
2026 Audi SQ8 Pricing, Specs, and Release Date
Audi's brute of a crossover SUV, still somewhat fresh from its 2024 update, greets the 2026 model year with its stout 500-horsepower V8 and a new carbon-fiber trim package.
2025 Audi SQ8 Pricing, Specs, and Release Date
The 2025 Audi SQ8 builds on the sleek and sport Q8 crossover by adding its own falvor and a more potent powertrain. Following last year's updates, the 2025 SQ8 boasts a revised selection of options and standard features.
Who Makes Audi Cars?
Audi is a German luxury automaker that makes a full line of cars, SUVs, performance vehicles, and EVs. Volkswagen Group owns Audi, and there are multiple Audi models that share platforms with VW counterparts.
